[Abstract + References] Epileptic and Nonepileptic Seizures after Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Representing approximately 5% of epilepsy in the civilian population and up to 50% in certain military populations, posttraumatic epilepsy warrants both increased clinical attention and research considerations. In this chapter, we will discuss the important definitions when considering posttraumatic epilepsy including the timing of posttraumatic seizures and the severity of head injuries. We will also review the epidemiology and risk factors for posttraumatic epilepsy in both the civilian population and the military and will describe the association of head trauma and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Our clinical discussion focuses on the timing of posttraumatic seizures, the utility of diagnostic testing, treatment of posttraumatic epilepsy, and outcomes of these patients. In addition, we elucidate potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying posttraumatic epilepsy and consider its role as a model for epileptogenesis in current and future research. We highlight the relevant studies in each section and underscore the theme that more research is certainly needed in most areas of posttraumatic epilepsy.

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[Abstract] Prognostic models for predicting posttraumatic seizures during acute hospitalization, and at 1 and 2 years following traumatic brain injury – Epilepsia

Epilepsia. 2016 Jul 19. doi: 10.1111/epi.13470. [Epub ahead of print]

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic seizures (PTS) are well-recognized acute and chronic complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Risk factors have been identified,but considerable variability in who develops PTS remains. Existing PTS prognostic models are not widely adopted for clinical use and do not reflect current trends in injury, diagnosis, or care. We aimed to develop and internally validate preliminary prognostic regression models to predict PTS during acute care hospitalization, and at year 1 and year 2 postinjury.METHODS: Prognostic models predicting PTS during acute care hospitalization and year 1 and year 2 post-injury were developed using a recent (2011-2014) cohort from the TBI Model Systems National Database. Potential PTS predictors were selected based on previous literature and biologic plausibility. Bivariable logistic regression identified variables with a p-value < 0.20 that were used to fit initial prognostic models. Multivariable logistic regression modeling with backward-stepwise elimination was used to determine reduced prognostic models andto internally validate using 1,000 bootstrap samples. Fit statistics were calculated, correcting for overfitting (optimism).RESULTS: The prognostic models identified sex, craniotomy, contusion load, and pre-injury limitation in learning/remembering/concentrating as significant PTS predictors during acute hospitalization. Significant predictors of PTS at year 1 were subdural hematoma (SDH), contusion load, craniotomy, craniectomy, seizure during acute hospitalization, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, preinjury mental health treatment/psychiatric hospitalization, and preinjury incarceration. Year 2 significant predictors were similar to those of year 1: SDH, intraparenchymal fragment, craniotomy, craniectomy, seizure during acute hospitalization, and preinjury incarceration. Corrected concordance (C) statistics were 0.599, 0.747,and 0.716 for acute hospitalization, year 1, and year 2 models, respectively.SIGNIFICANCE: The prognostic model for PTS during acute hospitalization did not discriminate well. Year 1 and year 2 models showed fair to good predictive validity for PTS. Cranial surgery, although medically necessary, requires ongoing research regarding potential benefits of increased monitoring for signs of epileptogenesis, PTS prophylaxis, and/or rehabilitation/social support. Future studies should externally validate models and determine clinical utility.

Source: Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Guide – Research Reports – Prognostic models for predicting posttraumatic seizures during acute hospitalization, and at 1 and 2 years following traumatic brain injury